人工進化研究所（AERI）

Jan 2313 min read

Carbon-Free Infinite Energy:Exploring CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation- Comparative Analysis of Ammonia Thermal Power Generation and Other Renewable Energy Sources -

Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions

Carbon-Free Infinite Energy:

Exploring CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation

- Comparative Analysis of Ammonia Thermal Power Generation and Other Renewable Energy Sources -

Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist

Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,

California Institute of Technology

IEEE-USA Fellow

American Physical Society-USA Fellow

PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro

AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute

Pasadena, California

HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/

and

Xyronix Corporation

Pasadena, California

HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/

Foreword

A. Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions, provided by CALTECH professor Kazuto Kamuro(Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics), Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(specializing in the design of a. Neural Connection LSI, b. BCI LSI（Brain-Computer Interface LSI） (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) , and c. bio-computer semiconductor technology that directly connects bio-semiconductors, serving as neural connectors, to the brain's nerves at the nano scale, https://www.usaxyronix.com/), are based on research and development achievements in cutting-edge fields such as quantum physics, biophysics, neuroscience, artificial brain studies, intelligent biocomputing, next-generation technologies, quantum semiconductors, satellite optoelectronics, quantum optics, quantum computing science, brain computing science, nano-sized semiconductors, ultra-large-scale integration engineering, non-destructive testing, lifespan prediction engineering, ultra-short pulses, and high-power laser science.

The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation employ over 160 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), data science, communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 190 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.

Building on the outcomes in unexplored and extreme territories within these advanced research domains, AERI and Xyronix Corporation aim to provide opportunities for postgraduate researchers in engineering disciplines. Through achievements in areas such as the 6th generation computer, nuclear deterrence, military unmanned systems, missile defense, renewable and clean energy, climate change mitigation, environmental conservation, Green Transformation (GX), and national resilience, the primary objective is to furnish scholars with genuine opportunities for learning and discovery. The overarching goal is to transform them from 'reeds that have just begun to take a step as reeds capable of thinking' into 'reeds that think, act, and relentlessly pursue growth.' This initiative aims to impart a guiding philosophy for complete metamorphosis and to provide guidance for venturing into unexplored and extreme territories, aspiring to fulfill the role of pioneers in this new era.

B. In the cutting-edge research domain, the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation have made notable advancements in various fields. Some examples include:

1. AERI･HEL (Petawatt-class Ultra-High Power Terawatt-class Ultra-High Power

Femtosecond Laser)

◦ Petawatt-class ultra-high power terawatt-class ultra-short pulse laser (AERI･HEL)

2. 6th Generation Computer&Computing

◦ Consciousness-driven Bio-Computer

◦ Brain Implant Bio-Computer

3. Carbon-neutral AERI synthetic fuel chemical process

(Green Transformation (GX) technology)

◦ Production of synthetic fuel (LNG methanol) through CO₂ recovery system (DAC)

4. Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology(Green Transformation (GX) technology)

◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling system-type AERI synthetic fuel chemical process

5. Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC)

◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation recovery system

6. Bio-LSI・Semiconductors

◦ Neural connection element directly connecting bio-semiconductors and brain nerves

on a nanoscale

◦ Brain LSI Chip Set, Bio-Computer LSI, BMI LSI, BCI LSI, Brain Computing LSI,

Brain Implant LSI

7. CHEGPG System (Closed Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with

Thermal Regenerative Binary Engine)

◦ Power generation capability of Terawatt (TW), annual power generation of

　　　　10,000 TWh (terawatt-hour) class

◦ 1 to 0.01 yen/kWh, infinitely clean energy source, renewable energy source

8. Consciousness-Driven Generative Autonomous Robot

9. Brain Implemented Robot･Cybernetic Soldier

10. Generative Robot, Generative Android Army, Generative Android

11. High-Altitude Missile Initial Intercept System, Enemy Base Neutralization System,

　 Nuclear and Conventional Weapon Neutralization System, Next-Generation

　　Interception Laser System for ICBMs, Next-Generation Interception Laser System

　　　 for Combat Aircraft

12. Boost Phase, Mid-Course Phase, Terminal Phase Ballistic Missile Interception System

13. Volcanic Microseismic Laser Remote Sensing

14. Volcanic Eruption Prediction Technology, Eruption Precursor Detection System

15. Mega Earthquake Precursor and Prediction System

16. Laser Degradation Diagnosis, Non-Destructive Inspection System

　 17. Ultra-Low-Altitude Satellite, Ultra-High-Speed Moving Object

　　　 Non-Destructive Inspection System

✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼

Ammonia Combined Heat and Power Generation System vs. Closed-Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with a Binary Engine (The CHEGPG System

1. What is the Ammonia Power Generation Method?

・The Ammonia Power Generation Method represents a form of electricity production centered around the combustion of ammonia as a primary fuel source. Ammonia, characterized by its colorless and transparent state at room temperature and standard pressure, is notable for its distinctive pungent odor, often associated with the perception of a "strong-smelling toxic substance."

・Ammonia co-firing power generation is a technique within the Ammonia Power Generation Method wherein ammonia is blended with the fuel utilized in gas turbine or coal-fired power generation, subsequently undergoing combustion.

・In 2014, a groundbreaking achievement was reached by Japanese scientists who accomplished the world's inaugural gas turbine power generation utilizing ammonia as the primary fuel. Gas turbine power generation involves the production of electricity through the rotation of a turbine driven by the gas resulting from fuel combustion. Notably, this pioneering development successfully harnessed ammonia for 30% of the total fuel consumption.

・Presently, the forefront of ammonia power generation technology lies in ammonia co-firing power generation. This involves the amalgamation of ammonia with the fuel employed in gas turbine or coal-fired power generation to yield electrical energy. The incorporation of ammonia as a substantial component of the power generation fuel holds promise for mitigating CO2 emissions. Moreover, ongoing research is directed towards dedicated ammonia combustion power generation, where ammonia serves as the exclusive fuel, distinct from being part of a mixture.

2. Characteristics of Ammonia Thermal Power Generation

A. Advantages Driving the Attention to Ammonia Thermal Power Generation:

a. Zero CO₂ Emissions in Electricity Generation:

The primary appeal of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method lies in its ability to generate electricity without emitting carbon dioxide (CO₂). This characteristic contributes significantly to environmental sustainability.

b. Enhanced Transport Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness Compared to Hydrogen:

Ammonia surpasses hydrogen (H₂) in terms of ease of transport and cost-effectiveness, making it a pragmatic choice for energy transportation and storage solutions.

c. Effective Utilization of Existing Facilities:

The methodology allows for the efficient repurposing of current facilities, maximizing the utilization of infrastructure in the transition towards cleaner energy sources.

d. Zero CO₂ Emissions Throughout Power Generation:

A reiterated advantage is the absence of CO₂ emissions during the entire process of power generation, aligning with the global push for reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

e. Carbon-Free Fuel with No CO₂ Emission Upon Combustion:

Notably, ammonia serves as a carbon-free fuel, and its combustion process does not result in the production of CO₂, reinforcing its status as an environmentally friendly energy source.

B. Projected CO₂ Reductions Through Ammonia Co-Firing and Dedicated Combustion:

The implementation of a 20% ammonia co-firing strategy across major domestic coal-fired power plants could potentially lead to the reduction of approximately 40 million tons of CO₂ emissions. Scaling up the proportion of ammonia in the fuel mix offers even greater potential for significant CO₂ reductions.

Additionally, envisioning dedicated ammonia combustion power generation holds promise for a substantial reduction in CO₂ emissions, with an estimated feasibility of approximately 200 million tons. This underscores the transformative impact that a shift towards ammonia-based power generation methods could have on mitigating climate change and fostering sustainable energy practices.

3. The Carbon-Free Infinite Energy Source, CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method, Comes with Zero Transportation Costs

a. Advantages of Ammonia as an Alternative Fuel and Contrasts with Hydrogen:

· Ammonia is emerging as a compelling alternative to hydrogen in fuel cells, primarily due to its favorable characteristics for transport and cost-effectiveness.

· Hydrogen, while offering numerous advantages, presents logistical challenges stemming from its exceptionally low liquefaction temperature of minus 270 degrees Celsius. This extreme temperature requirement makes the transportation and storage of hydrogen arduous and significantly increases associated costs.

· In comparison, ammonia stands out as a more practical option in terms of transport and storage. Its relative ease of handling is attributed to its higher liquefaction temperature, simplifying logistical challenges compared to hydrogen. Additionally, the longstanding use of ammonia as a fertilizer has established robust technologies for its production, transportation, and storage.

Contrast with The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method:

· In contrast to ammonia and hydrogen, the Carbon-Free Infinite Energy Source (CHEGPG) Geothermal Power Generation Method derives its energy from geothermal sources deep underground.

· The utilization of geothermal energy eliminates the need for transportation and storage, presenting a distinct advantage. Unlike ammonia and hydrogen, no infrastructure for transportation or storage facilities is required, resulting in zero associated transportation and storage costs.

· The reliance on geothermal energy in the CHEGPG method not only contributes to cost savings but also aligns with sustainability objectives by minimizing the environmental impact associated with transportation and storage processes. This underscores the diverse approaches in harnessing alternative energy sources and highlights the unique advantages of The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method.

b. The CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation Method): A Paradigm of Ultra-Low-Cost, Carbon-Free, and Infinite Energy

· The CHEGPG (Geothermal Power Generation Method) stands out as an unparalleled energy source, characterized by its ultra-low cost and carbon-free attributes, ranging from 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh.

· In comparison, the cost of hydrogen power generation was approximately 97.3 yen per kWh in 2020. Even with the most cost-effective approach, dedicated ammonia combustion power generation incurred an electricity generation cost of around 23.5 yen per kWh in the fiscal year 2018 estimate. In the realm of ammonia thermal power generation, there are proposed methods to transport hydrogen by converting it into ammonia, leveraging the fact that ammonia inherently contains hydrogen within its molecular structure, subsequently extracting hydrogen from it.

· The AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process, equipped with Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology, utilizes the abundant and ultra-low-cost power generated by renewable CHEGPG electricity. This technology can produce green synthetic fuels like green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG. The process integrates a carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation and recovery system (CO2 recovery system) to collect an unlimited quantity of CO₂.

· The CHEGPG method boasts the capability to provide round-the-clock, year-round, ultra-low-cost, carbon-free, and infinite electric energy, ranging from 1 yen to 0.01 yen per kWh. Its potential extends to generating power on a terawatt (TW) scale, with an annual electricity output reaching an impressive 10,000 TWh (terawatt-hours).

· In contrast, the ammonia thermal power generation method carries potential risks, including disruptions to the supply-demand balance and potential price surges if a significant amount of ammonia for fuel is procured from the current market. Such disruptions could have cascading effects on sectors relying on ammonia as a raw material, potentially leading to increases in food prices. To secure a large-scale supply of ammonia for fuel, the establishment of a new production infrastructure becomes imperative.

· Moreover, even with a reliable source of ammonia fuel secured for ammonia thermal power generation, the anticipated cost of electricity generation is expected to be higher compared to existing thermal power generation methods. For instance, co-firing ammonia thermal power generation with a 20% ammonia mixture is estimated to incur a generation cost approximately 1.2 times that of coal-fired power generation. Scaling up to a 100% ammonia-dedicated power generation method would significantly increase the generation cost, surpassing more than twice that of coal-fired power generation. Achieving large-scale ammonia production for fuel would necessitate further cost reduction measures.

c. The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method can effectively utilize existing facilities

The thermal power generation method is a process that converts heat energy obtained from various sources, including fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas) and biomass, into electricity.

・The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method, which generates electricity by burning green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG, can repurpose the steam turbine section and beyond of existing coal and natural gas power generation facilities.

・Similarly, in the ammonia thermal power generation method, when co-firing ammonia in the boiler of a conventional thermal power plant, the necessary modifications primarily involve altering components such as the burner.

・Both The CHEGPG Geothermal Power Generation Method and the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method allow for minimal additional infrastructure and initial investment, eliminating the need for decommissioning existing thermal power plants.

4. Drawbacks of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method

a. Addressing Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in Ammonia Thermal Power Generation:

· Ammonia, owing to its nitrogen content, exhibits a propensity to emit harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) when subjected to combustion. Nitrogen oxides, sourced from various origins, including industrial facilities and vehicle exhaust, pose risks to both human health and the environment. Elevated concentrations of nitrogen dioxide can adversely impact the respiratory system, affecting the throat, trachea, and lungs, and contribute to environmental challenges such as photochemical smog, acid rain, and global warming.

· The effective control and reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions are imperative for the practical implementation of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method. A major concern associated with this method is the release of nitrogen oxides during the combustion process. Inhaling these nitrogen oxides presents potential risks for respiratory disorders in humans. Additionally, these emissions contribute to broader environmental issues, including the formation of photochemical smog and the acidification of rain, heightening concerns about their adverse effects on the natural environment.

· While ammonia thermal power generation has garnered attention for its notable absence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the potential negative impacts on both human health and the environment, including its contribution to global warming. Therefore, comprehensive strategies and technologies are essential to mitigate and control nitrogen oxides emissions, ensuring the responsible and sustainable implementation of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method.

b. Emission of CO₂ during ammonia production

・Ammonia does not emit carbon dioxide (CO₂) when burned, but in reality, it does emit CO₂ during its production process due to the use of fossil fuels.

・For example, the Haber-Bosch process, which synthesizes nitrogen, involves the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen under high temperature and pressure to produce ammonia. As a result, this process consumes a significant amount of energy. While the ammonia thermal power generation method itself does not emit CO₂, it does generate a substantial amount of CO₂ during its production process.

・Therefore, efforts to address this issue include capturing the CO₂ produced during the manufacturing process and sequestering it underground, as well as using carbon-neutral and carbon-recycling systems powered by renewable energy. AERI is actively engaged in research and development of the Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling System-type AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology).

・Worldwide ammonia production results in the annual emission of 500 million tons of CO₂, equivalent to approximately 2% of the global annual carbon dioxide emissions.

・In Japan, to implement ammonia thermal power generation, increasing the production of ammonia as a fuel would lead to a further increase in CO₂ emissions during the production process. To achieve decarbonization, it is essential that efforts be made to minimize CO₂ emissions during ammonia production, should ammonia thermal power generation be adopted.

・AERI is actively involved in the recovery of CO₂ from the atmosphere using a Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling Carbon Dioxide Circulation and Recovery System (CO₂ recovery system).

・AERI utilizes renewable CHEGPG electricity, which ranges from 1 yen/kWh to 0.01 yen/kWh, offering an infinite and ultra-low-cost power source. It combines this power with a Carbon-Neutral Carbon Recycling Carbon Dioxide Circulation and Recovery System (CO₂ recovery system) to collect an abundant supply of CO₂ from the atmosphere. This collected CO₂ is used in The AERI Synthetic Fuel Chemical Process (Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology) to produce green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG.

・The green synthetic fuels such as green methanol, green LPG, and green LNG are used as fuels in land transportation (freight trucks), maritime shipping (tankers, cargo ships), and aviation (airplanes, transport aircraft).

c. Other Challenges to Address for the Practical Implementation of the Ammonia Thermal Power Generation Method

Ensuring Ammonia Supply Stability for Practical Implementation:

· As research progresses on the ammonia thermal power generation method and its practical viability becomes evident, concerns arise regarding potential shortages in ammonia supply. For instance, if ammonia were to be co-fired at a 20% rate in all major domestic coal-fired power plants, the annual demand would reach approximately 20 million tons.

· This quantity poses a substantial challenge, equivalent to the entire world's current trade volume. Fulfilling such demand would be an insurmountable task for Japan alone. The concern amplifies with the prospect of an increased co-firing rate, which could exacerbate the shortage further. In 2019, global ammonia production reached around 200 million tons, with major producing countries like China, Russia, the United States, and India collectively contributing more than half of the world's total production.

· To ensure the practical implementation of the ammonia thermal power generation method, a critical emphasis must be placed on the long-term control of procurement quantities and the diversification of procurement sources. This involves strategic planning and collaboration to secure a stable and diverse supply chain, mitigating the risks associated with potential shortages and fostering a sustainable and reliable ammonia fuel ecosystem. By proactively addressing these concerns, the successful integration of ammonia thermal power generation into the energy landscape can be facilitated.

d. The potential for large-scale power generation remains uncertain

・In the field of ammonia thermal power generation, Japan's research has primarily involved small-scale test reactors. Large-scale power generation for practical use remains in the early stages, and whether it can be realized on a large scale is still uncertain.

・In the future, further experiments, including trials involving the co-firing of ammonia in operational power plants, will be necessary.

5. Other Renewable Energy Sources

The ammonia thermal power generation method is still in the early stages of development, but there are already several other renewable energy sources that have been commercialized.

a. Solar Power Generation:

· Solar power generation involves converting solar energy from the sun into electrical energy using solar panels. A notable distinction from the ammonia thermal power generation method is that solar power generation does not emit nitrogen compounds, only CO₂. Additionally, it serves as an effective emergency power source during disasters, as it does not require fuel or a combustion chamber.

· Despite its environmental advantages, solar power generation faces a drawback in output variability due to weather conditions. Its reliance on sunlight means it cannot generate power on cloudy days or at night, rendering it less reliable compared to the ammonia thermal power generation method in certain situations.

b. Hydro Power Generation:

· Hydro power generation harnesses falling water from a high point to a lower point to turn a water wheel, generating electricity through a rotating generator. An advantage over the ammonia thermal power generation method is its consistent ability to generate substantial electricity, providing the stability sought in power generation.

· However, the construction of dams for hydro power can pose environmental risks and impact the living conditions of local residents. Careful consideration and consensus are crucial when planning such installations to minimize adverse effects.

c. Wind Power Generation:

· Wind power generation utilizes wind to turn wind turbines, converting rotational energy into electrical energy. Unlike solar power generation, it can produce electricity even at night and in offshore locations.

· Similar to solar power, wind power generation faces output instability dependent on weather conditions, especially wind conditions. This variability is a shared challenge with solar power generation.

d. Biomass Power Generation:

· Biomass power generation produces electricity by burning or gasifying organic resources like wood. It aligns with the principles of CHEGPG geothermal power generation, conventional power generation, and ammonia-based power generation.

· Biomass power generation offers advantages such as independence from weather conditions, effective use of organic resources, and environmental friendliness, embodying a circular economy. While combustion emits CO₂, the key feature is the absorption of CO₂ by plants or trees used as biomass during their growth, resulting in a net-zero or even a net-negative impact on atmospheric CO₂ levels when viewed holistically.

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