人工進化研究所（AERI）
- Jul 20, 2023
- 18 min read

Introductory Lecture to Laser Weapons Science

Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions:

Introductory Lecture to Laser Weapons Science

Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist

Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,

California Institute of Technology

IEEE-USA Fellow

American Physical Society-USA Fellow

PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro

AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute

Pasadena, California

HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/

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1. Overview

A laser weapon is classified as a directed-energy weapon that employs laser technology to inflict damage upon a target. Despite the extensive duration of research and development, directed-energy weapons, including laser-based systems, remain in the experimental phase as of January 2020, and their viability as practical, high-performance military weaponry is yet to be ascertained. A significant obstacle pertaining to laser weapons involves atmospheric thermal blooming, an issue that remains predominantly unresolved. This predicament is exacerbated when environmental conditions encompass fog, smoke, dust, rain, snow, smog, foam, or intentionally dispersed obscurant chemicals. Essentially, a laser generates a beam of light that necessitates a clear atmospheric environment or a vacuum for operational functionality.
Several variants of lasers have been identified as potential candidates for employment as incapacitating non-lethal armaments. Directing these lasers towards an individual's eyes can result in temporary or permanent visual impairment. The magnitude, characteristics, and duration of visual impairment ensuing from exposure to laser light are contingent upon numerous factors, including the laser's power, emitted wavelengths, beam collimation, beam orientation, and duration of exposure. It is noteworthy that lasers with power outputs of less than one watt can elicit immediate and enduring vision loss under specific circumstances, thereby endowing them with the potential to function as non-lethal yet incapacitating weapons. However, the utilization of such lasers remains ethically contentious due to the profound disability associated with laser-induced blindness. The Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons explicitly prohibits the deployment of weapons intentionally designed to induce permanent blindness.
Weapons specifically intended to induce temporary blindness, referred to as dazzlers, are deployed by military entities and occasionally by law enforcement agencies. Incidents involving pilots being exposed to lasers during flight operations have prompted aviation authorities to establish specialized protocols to effectively mitigate these hazards. Laser weapons capable of directly incapacitating or destroying targets in combat scenarios remain in the experimental stage. The fundamental concept underlying laser-beam weaponry revolves around striking a target with a sequence of brief light pulses. The power requirements necessary for projecting a high-powered laser beam of this nature surpass the capabilities of current mobile power technologies, thereby favoring the utilization of chemically powered gas dynamic lasers. Examples of experimental systems include MIRACL and the Tactical High Energy Laser, both of which are presently discontinued. The United States Navy has conducted tests on the Laser Weapon System (LaWS), possessing a very short range of one mile and a power output of 30 kW, intended for engagement with small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), rocket-propelled grenades, and visible motorboat or helicopter engines. It has been analogously described as "a configuration comprising six welding lasers." Furthermore, a 60 kW system named HELIOS is currently under development for integration onto destroyer-class ships, with progress commencing in 2020.

2. Laser-based missile and air defense systems:

Laser-based missile and air defense systems have been a subject of extensive research and development in the realm of military defense, with the primary objective of neutralizing incoming missile threats. Notable among these advancements is the Boeing Airborne Laser, an exemplary system embedded within a Boeing 747 aircraft and designated as the YAL-1. The YAL-1 system was meticulously engineered to effectively eradicate short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles during their crucial boost phase.
Furthermore, as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), colloquially referred to as "Star Wars," significant efforts were directed towards exploring laser-based defense systems that could be deployed either on the ground or in space to counter the menace of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). However, the practical implementation of such systems posed numerous challenges. The ability to accurately direct a laser beam over vast distances through the atmosphere was particularly problematic due to the phenomenon of optical scattering and refraction. These atmospheric disturbances invariably caused deviations and distortions in the laser beam trajectory, thereby compromising its targeting precision and overall operational efficacy.
An intriguing offshoot concept derived from the SDI project was the nuclear-pumped X-ray laser, an innovative design that revolved around employing an orbiting atomic bomb enveloped by laser media in the form of glass rods. Upon detonation of the bomb, the glass rods would be subjected to the intense energy of gamma-ray photons, subsequently triggering the phenomenon of spontaneous and stimulated emission of X-ray photons within the atomic structure of the rods. This intricate process would generate optical amplification of the X-ray photons, engendering an exceptionally powerful X-ray laser beam that would remain relatively unaffected by atmospheric disturbances. Such a formidable laser system held the potential to intercept and destroy ICBMs while they were in mid-flight. However, it is important to note that the nuclear-pumped X-ray laser concept was a disposable technology, as its activation would invariably result in the self-destruction of the device. Initial investigations into this concept involved underground nuclear testing, but unfortunately, the outcomes fell short of expectations. Consequently, research endeavors pertaining to this particular approach to missile defense were promptly discontinued following the cancellation of the SDI program.

3. Iron beam weapon

The present discourse sheds light on the remarkable air defense system known as Iron Beam, which was publicly introduced during the esteemed Singapore Airshow on February 11, 2014, courtesy of the esteemed Israeli defense contractor, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. This cutting-edge system exhibits a laser-based mechanism, meticulously devised to neutralize short-range rockets, artillery projectiles, and mortar bombs, thus fortifying the defense infrastructure against such formidable threats. Notably, Iron Beam possesses a commendable engagement range of up to 7 kilometers (4.3 miles), which renders it highly proficient in intercepting projectiles that approach too closely for the Iron Dome system to effectively counteract. Furthermore, Iron Beam showcases remarkable adaptability by extending its capabilities to encompass the interception of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), hence augmenting its versatility and enhancing the overall effectiveness of the air defense apparatus.
In the comprehensive framework of Israel's integrated air defense system, Iron Beam proudly assumes the pivotal role of the sixth component, harmoniously complementing the existing array of formidable defenses. This esteemed assemblage encompasses an impressive suite of defensive measures, including the Arrow 2, Arrow 3, David's Sling, Barak 8, and Iron Dome systems. Each of these components plays an instrumental role in orchestrating a synchronized and multifaceted defense network, fortifying the nation against a myriad of airborne threats.
To delve into the operational intricacies of Iron Beam, it is essential to highlight its employment of a cutting-edge fiber laser technology, a highly efficient mechanism employed to nullify airborne targets. Functioning autonomously or as an integral part of an air defense system, the detection of a potential threat is effectively accomplished through a robust surveillance system. Once detected, the threat is meticulously tracked by dedicated vehicle platforms, which enable precise and prompt engagement with the objective.
This exceptional laser-based air defense system, Iron Beam, represents a notable achievement in the realm of advanced military technology. Its capacity to swiftly and effectively neutralize a wide array of threats, ranging from short-range rockets to aerial drones, signifies a significant leap forward in fortifying the national defense infrastructure. By seamlessly integrating into Israel's comprehensive air defense apparatus, Iron Beam reinforces the nation's resilience and capability to counter contemporary security challenges.

4. Anti-drone systems:

The 21st century has witnessed the emergence of advanced anti-drone laser systems in numerous countries, aimed at mitigating the escalating menace posed by small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These cutting-edge systems are meticulously engineered to detect, track, and neutralize drones through the utilization of high-powered lasers. By offering a cost-effective and versatile approach to airspace protection, they have become indispensable assets in contemporary defense strategies.
In the United States, Lockheed Martin, a prominent military industrial company, showcased the formidable capabilities of its ATHENA laser system in 2017. This system leverages the potency of a 30-kilowatt ALADIN laser, specifically designed to engage and eliminate UAV threats. Similarly, Raytheon, another American enterprise, unveiled the High-Energy Laser Weapon System (HELWS) in 2019. HELWS possesses the remarkable ability to detect and neutralize drones within a staggering range of up to three kilometers, signifying a significant advancement in the realm of anti-drone laser technologies.
Turkey, too, has made substantial investments in the development of laser weaponry. Among its notable achievements, Roketsan, a distinguished Turkish military industrial company, has introduced the Alka system. This impressive system integrates laser and electromagnetic armaments, culminating in an incapacitating and annihilating force capable of subduing single or clustered targets. Additionally, prominent Turkish companies like Aselsan and TUBITAK BILGEM have successfully demonstrated laser systems specifically tailored to engage small UAVs and explosive devices.
Germany has emerged as a prominent frontrunner in the domain of combat laser systems, with renowned defense contractor Rheinmetall spearheading the development of both stationary and mobile iterations of its highly sophisticated High Energy Laser (HEL) system since the 2000s. Rheinmetall's HEL lasers are intricately engineered to safeguard against a wide array of threats, including diminutive and medium-sized UAVs, helicopters, missiles, mines, and artillery shells. This versatile solution showcases Germany's commitment to achieving comprehensive airspace protection.
The State of Israel, too, has been actively engaged in the advancement of laser-based weaponry. Notably, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, an esteemed Israeli defense contractor, unveiled the compact and formidable Drone Dome system in 2020. This innovative system is masterfully engineered to neutralize both individual UAVs and swarms, underscoring its efficacy in counteracting the diverse array of drone threats. Another notable Israeli creation, the Light Blade, developed by OptiDefense, serves as a pivotal defense mechanism against terrorist activities involving miniature UAVs as well as explosive devices affixed to balloons or kites.
The relentless pursuit of developing and deploying these state-of-the-art anti-drone laser systems underscores the ever-increasing significance attributed to safeguarding airspace from emerging threats. These systems not only exhibit a remarkable cost-effectiveness but also offer unparalleled flexibility, making them indispensable assets for defense forces across the globe. By embracing these advancements, nations can fortify their defense strategies and ensure the protection of critical airspace domains.

5. Electrolaser:

Electrolaser technology represents a remarkable fusion of electroshock weaponry and directed-energy systems, serving as a potential solution to counter various threats. By utilizing lasers to generate an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC), an electrolaser effectively functions as an amplified, long-range variant of the renowned Taser electroshock gun.
The formation of a laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC) occurs through a multi-step process. Initially, a laser beam is emitted into the surrounding atmosphere, rapidly heating and ionizing the adjacent gases to produce plasma. This plasma, in turn, establishes an electrically conductive pathway, enabling the transmission of a powerful electric current toward the intended target. The overall mechanism of an electrolaser, akin to lightning, relies on ionization and necessitates the presence of gas between the weapon and its designated objective. Intense laser beams possess electromagnetic fields of sufficient strength to liberate electrons from air molecules or other gaseous media, thereby generating plasma. In addition to this ionization process, the rapid heating engenders a sonic boom effect.
The applications of electrolasers span multiple domains, including incapacitating or eliminating living targets through electric shock, impairing or destroying electronic devices within the target, and harnessing the light-induced plasma channel for scientific studies of lightning phenomena. Notably, electrolasers can play a pivotal role in guiding atmospheric lightning to terrestrial collection stations, facilitating electrical power generation. Moreover, by employing an electrolaser in conjunction with an aircraft, it becomes possible to direct a precision lightning strike from a thunderhead onto a specified target. In this scenario, the aircraft and laser system effectively function as a triggered spark gap, whereby the initial laser input triggers a substantial energy flow between the cloud and the ground. However, it is crucial to recognize the potential risks associated with thunderstorms or other electrical sources, as they may introduce unforeseen hazards when employing an electrolaser.
Presently, wireless energy transfer utilizing electrolasers is not a viable option due to safety concerns and limited efficiency.
Several noteworthy examples of electrolasers and related technologies have emerged in the military industrial landscape. Applied Energetics, a prominent defense company formerly known as Ionatron, has dedicated its efforts to the development of directed-energy weapons for the United States military. Among its notable contributions is the Joint IED Neutralizer (JIN), designed to safely neutralize improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Although the field deployment of the JIN proved impractical in 2006, the company has persistently pursued the advancement of weapon variants suitable for land, air, and sea vehicles, as well as a portable infantry version. Applied Energetics envisions these weapons as a non-lethal alternative, while still possessing the capacity to administer a lethal electric shock when necessary. The company is also actively engaged in the research and development of an electrolaser system known as Laser Guided Energy (LGE), in addition to exploring the potential of laser-induced plasma channels for corridor or passageway control.
Reports suggest that the U.S. Navy conducted tests on an electrolaser device under the name Phoenix within the Strategic Defense Initiative research program. The targets of these tests were missiles and aircraft, although this report might potentially reference an early trial of the high-powered chemical laser, MIRACL.
HSV Technologies, Inc., a company formerly based in San Diego, California, and subsequently Port Orchard, Washington, garnered attention for their non-lethal electrolaser device, as featured in a 2002 article by Time magazine titled "Beyond the Rubber Bullet." This particular innovation employed ultraviolet laser beams at a wavelength of 193 nm to immobilize living targets from a distance, without the need for physical contact. The company had also contemplated the development of an engine-disabling variation utilizing a 248 nm laser, intended for disabling the electronic ignitions of automobiles. However, following the unfortunate demise of the lead inventor, Eric Herr, in 2008, the company appears to have dissolved, with their website now hosting unrelated content.
Scientists and engineers from Picatinny Arsenal have achieved a significant breakthrough by demonstrating the transmission of an electric discharge through a laser beam. The self-focusing nature of the laser beam is attributed to its remarkable intensity of 50 gigawatts, which induces a change in the speed of light within the surrounding air. This groundbreaking experiment was successfully conducted in January 2012, showcasing the potential of combining laser technology with electric discharges.
The advent and exploration of electrolaser systems illustrate the growing importance attributed to innovative defense technologies, particularly in the context of directed-energy weaponry. These advancements not only broaden the scope of defense capabilities but also highlight the continuous pursuit of robust, adaptable, and efficient solutions to emerging security challenges.

6. Pulsed Energy Projectile:

A. Abstract:

Pulsed Energy Projectile is a comprehensive examination of advanced non-lethal weaponry technology.
This academic dissertation delves into the intricacies of pulsed energy projectile (PEP) technology, a cutting-edge non-lethal weaponry system currently under development by the United States military. Utilizing a sophisticated invisible laser pulse, PEP is designed to ablate the surface of the target, inducing the formation of a minute yet explosive plasma. This phenomenon generates a powerful pressure wave, effectively incapacitating the target, while simultaneously emitting electromagnetic radiation that impacts nerve cells, resulting in a distressing sensory experience.
Although primarily conceived as a non-lethal option, PEP also holds potential as a lethal armament. Intended for riot control purposes, this formidable system boasts an operational range of up to 2 km and a weight of approximately 230 kg, making it suitable for vehicular mounting. The present system was originally devised by Mission Research Corporation, now a subsidiary of Orbital ATK, employing a chemical deuterium fluoride laser device that emits infrared laser pulses.
The plasma, formed during the initial phase of the pulse, undergoes a violent explosion upon absorbing the energy from subsequent pulse segments. Empirical evidence from animal experiments, as cited in a 2003 US military review, establishes that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by PEPs induces pain and temporary paralysis in targeted subjects.
Furthermore, the United States Special Operations Command has included plans in their FY 2010 agenda to commence development on a Counter UAV Pulsed Energy Projectile. Despite its significant potential, PEP remains steeped in controversy due to revelations surrounding the pain-inducing properties of the technology.
A team led by Brian Cooper explored the manipulation of PEP to induce sensations of cold burns and other forms of distressing stimuli. Concerns arose that PEP could be repurposed as a torture instrument, leaving no physical evidence on its victims. Consequently, the official program was terminated, though Cooper persevered in his investigations into the interaction between laser-generated plasma pulses and pain receptors.
In 2008, he published a seminal paper titled "Frequency Dependent Interaction of Ultrashort E-Fields with Nociceptor Membranes and Proteins," shedding light on this critical area of research.

Keywords: pulsed energy projectile, non-lethal weaponry, laser pulse, plasma, pressure wave, electromagnetic radiation, nerve cells, riot control, military development, vehicular mounting, Mission Research Corporation, Orbital ATK, deuterium fluoride laser device, animal experiments, pain induction, paralysis, Special Operations Command, Counter UAV Pulsed Energy Projectile, controversy, pain receptors, Brian Cooper, torture tool, physical evidence, research publication.

B. Introduction

The pulsed energy projectile (PEP) represents a pioneering technological innovation in the realm of non-lethal weaponry, currently being developed by the esteemed military industrial company, Mission Research Corporation (now a subsidiary of Orbital ATK).
Through the utilization of an imperceptible laser pulse, this cutting-edge system achieves its objectives by ablating the target's surface, instigating the formation of a diminutive yet highly explosive plasma. This rapid plasma expansion engenders a forceful pressure wave, which effectively neutralizes the target, while concurrently releasing electromagnetic radiation that exerts a profound impact on nerve cells, inducing an intensely agonizing sensation.
Although primarily conceived as a non-lethal instrument, PEP also possesses the capability to function as a lethal weapon. Designed specifically for riot control scenarios, this formidable device boasts an impressive operational range of up to 2 km and exhibits a weight of approximately 230 kg, rendering it amenable for swift deployment on military vehicles.

C. Development and Technical Specifications

The United States military, spearheaded by Mission Research Corporation (now owned by Orbital ATK), has undertaken the arduous task of engineering the PEP system, relying on a sophisticated chemical deuterium fluoride laser device capable of emitting precise infrared laser pulses.
The plasma, triggered during the initial segment of the pulse, undergoes a violent explosion upon absorption of the subsequent pulse components. This unique process harnesses the electron absorption capabilities of the plasma, resulting in its explosive behavior.
The PEP system, poised to revolutionize riot control, has been subjected to rigorous testing, including comprehensive animal experiments, as evidenced by a meticulous 2003 review conducted by the US military.
This examination conclusively demonstrated that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by PEPs elicits pain and evokes temporary paralysis in the test subjects.

D. Military Applications and Future Prospects

Acknowledging the remarkable potential of PEP technology, the United States Special Operations Command has integrated plans within their FY 2010 agenda to initiate development efforts pertaining to the Counter UAV Pulsed Energy Projectile.
This groundbreaking endeavor aims to counter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) effectively, further bolstering the military's capabilities in modern warfare scenarios. By harnessing the unparalleled power and versatility of PEP, the armed forces seek to establish an indomitable defense against the rapidly evolving challenges posed by enemy drones.

E. Controversy and Ethical Implications

Despite its immense promise, PEP technology has been ensnared in a web of controversy, stemming from the revelation of its pain-inducing characteristics. A team, led by the esteemed researcher Brian Cooper, ventured into the realm of manipulating PEP to inflict sensations akin to cold burns and various forms of distressing stimuli.
These alarming revelations triggered concerns regarding the potential for PEP to be transformed into an instrument of torture, capable of leaving no discernible physical evidence on the victims.
As a consequence, the official program was abruptly terminated, fueled by apprehension regarding public perception and opinion.
However, Brian Cooper continued his scientific inquiry into the intricate interactions between laser-generated plasma pulses and pain receptors. In 2008, he published a seminal research paper titled "Frequency Dependent Interaction of Ultrashort E-Fields with Nociceptor Membranes and Proteins," shedding invaluable light on this critical area of study.

F. Conclusion

The pulsed energy projectile represents a groundbreaking advancement in the domain of non-lethal weaponry. Developed by the renowned military industrial company Mission Research Corporation (now Orbital ATK), this cutting-edge technology harnesses the power of imperceptible laser pulses to generate and manipulate plasma, resulting in a formidable pressure wave and the emission of electromagnetic radiation.
While initially designed for riot control purposes, the versatility and potential of the PEP system extend to military applications, including countering unmanned aerial vehicles. However, the controversial nature of PEP, particularly its pain-inducing properties, has necessitated a comprehensive examination of its ethical implications.
The ongoing research conducted by Brian Cooper, which delves into the intricate interplay between laser-generated plasma pulses and pain receptors, promises to shed valuable insights on this complex subject matter. As the realm of non-lethal weaponry evolves, it is imperative to navigate the delicate balance between technological advancements and ethical considerations to ensure the responsible and humane application of such innovative systems.

7. Dazzler:

A. Abstract:

Dazzler is advanced non-lethal optical disruption system. This academic dissertation explores the intricacies of dazzler technology, a non-lethal weaponry system that employs intense directed radiation to induce temporary disorientation through flash blindness. Dazzlers have proven effective in deterring adversaries, transcending language and cultural barriers, and can be utilized for hailing, warning, and disabling electronic sensors and human vision alike.
Initially developed for military applications, the availability of non-military variants for law enforcement and security purposes has emerged. This dissertation delves into the design principles, countermeasures, and prominent manufacturers and models associated with dazzlers.

Keywords: dazzlers, non-lethal weaponry, directed radiation, flash blindness, hailing and warning, electronic sensors, human vision, military applications, law enforcement, security, design, countermeasures, manufacturers, models.

B. Introduction

Dazzlers represent a remarkable advancement in the domain of non-lethal weaponry, designed to temporarily incapacitate adversaries through the employment of intense directed radiation. These optical disruption systems are highly effective in inducing flash blindness, thereby disorienting the target and impeding further advances. Notably, dazzlers possess the unique ability to transcend language and cultural barriers, making them versatile tools for communication and deterrence.
Originally developed for military use, the emergence of non-military variants has expanded the applicability of dazzlers to law enforcement and security contexts.

C. Design Principles

Dazzlers employ a combination of infrared light directed at electronic sensors and visible light targeted at human vision. Careful consideration is given to avoid causing long-term damage to the eyes of individuals subjected to their effects.
Typically, dazzlers utilize lasers as emitters, resulting in what is commonly known as a laser dazzler. Modern systems are designed to be portable, allowing for easy deployment by individual operators. These systems operate within the red (using laser diodes) or green (using diode-pumped solid-state lasers, DPSS) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The selection of green lasers is based on their unique interaction with the human eye.
To ensure eye safety, dazzlers produce diverging light that is less focused than traditional lasers, resulting in a larger, less concentrated spot at greater distances. This design facilitates accurate targeting at longer ranges while maintaining the desired effect on the intended targets.

D. Countermeasures

Narrowband optical filters tuned to the laser frequency serve as one defense against dazzlers. In response, dazzlers can employ emitters with multiple wavelengths or tunable lasers with a wider range of output.
Another defense mechanism involves the use of photochromic materials capable of becoming opaque under high light energy densities. Ongoing research explores the application of nonlinear optics techniques, such as vanadium-doped zinc telluride (V:ZnTe), to develop electro-optic power limiters.
These limiters selectively block intense dazzler beams while allowing weaker light from the observed scene to pass through unaffected.

E. Prominent Manufacturers and Models

a. LE Systems, under the sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), has developed a DPSS-based dazzler emitting green light at 532 nm. This system, akin to a higher-intensity version of a green laser pointer, effectively interacts with human eyes under both daylight and reduced light conditions.

b. B.E. Meyers & Co. offers a range of dazzlers, including the GLARE LA-9/P, GLARE MOUT, GLARE RECOIL LA-22/U, and GLARE HELIOS. The GLARE RECOIL and GLARE HELIOS models incorporate built-in safety mechanisms that prevent eye damage by integrating rangefinders, allowing self-modulation of power output based on target range. The GLARE LA-9/P variant, an older model, features a rangefinder and automatic cutoff failsafe but lacks automated modulation capability. Effective ranges for various GLARE dazzlers span from 400m to 20+km. Notably, the GLARE HELIOS, despite its maximum effective range of 5-25+km, is classified as an FDA Laser safety Class 1M eye-safe laser.

c. Laser Energetics, Inc. offers the Dazer Laser Guardian, Dazer Laser Stealth, and "Dazer Laser Defender," representing diverse types of optical distraction laser systems capable of temporarily impairing vision, illuminating targets, target designation, warning, and visual communication.

d. The Saber 203 dazzler, based on a grenade launcher system, bears similarity to the LANL-developed optical munition, Project Perseus. Although its experimental use was halted in Somalia during Operation United Shield for "humane reasons," the Saber 203 system holds potential for law enforcement purposes as well.

e. The JD-3 laser dazzler is mounted on the Chinese Type 98 main battle tank and coupled with a laser radiation detector. It serves as a countermeasure by automatically aiming at enemy illuminating laser designators, attempting to overwhelm their optical systems or blind operators.

f. The ZM-87 Portable Laser Disturber, a Chinese electro-optic countermeasure laser device, can blind enemy troops at ranges of up to 2 to 3 km and temporarily impair them at distances of up to 10 km. However, this weapon is banned under the 1995 United Nations Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons.

g. Wicked Lasers, in cooperation with Xtreme Alternative Defense Systems, has developed the Photonic Disruptor, a threat assessment laser (TALI). Equipped with a versatile focus-adjustable collimating lens, this tactical laser enables incapacitation of attackers at close range while safely identifying threats at a distance. The Photonic Disruptor gained recognition through its appearance on Discovery Channel's "Future Weapons" and its reported use by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society during anti-whaling operations.

h. The Outfit DEC or Laser Dazzle Sight (LDAP) is a British ship-based laser system that utilizes ultraviolet light to induce fluorescence in the lens of the human eye, causing veiling glare and dazzling effects. Ongoing research is exploring the development of similar laser weapon systems.

i. StunRay, developed by Genesis Illumination Inc., is an optical incapacitation effector that utilizes collimated incoherent broad-spectrum visible and near-infrared light to temporarily impair vision, disorient aggressors, and ensure their temporary incapacitation without causing physical harm. StunRay systems, available in handheld and scalable vehicle-mounted versions, offer a range of 10m to 1000m, catering to various operational requirements.

j. The PHaSR (Personnel Halting and Stimulation Response) rifle, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense, represents another notable dazzler system designed for military applications.

k. Science & Engineering Associates (SEA), now QinetiQ North America, holds three US patents related to dazzler technology. These patents include the Eye Safe Laser Security Device, Self-Contained Laser Illuminator Module, and Enhanced Non-Lethal Security Device.

F. Conclusion

Dazzlers stand at the forefront of non-lethal optical disruption systems, offering versatile capabilities for various military, law enforcement, and security applications. Through careful design principles, such as laser-based emitters and eye-safe divergence, dazzlers effectively disorient targets while mitigating long-term ocular damage.
Countermeasures and ongoing research endeavors seek to address the challenges associated with countering dazzlers effectively. The comprehensive range of manufacturers and models highlights the diverse options available, each tailored to specific operational requirements and contexts.
As research and development continue to advance the field, it is imperative to strike a balance between the effectiveness and responsible use of dazzler technology to ensure its ethical and humane deployment.

END

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Quantum Brain Chipset & Bio Processor (BioVLSI)

Prof. PhD. Dr. Kamuro

Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist involved in Caltech & AERI Associate Professor and Brain Scientist in Artificial Evolution Research Institute（ AERI: https://www.aeri-japan.com/ ）

IEEE-USA Fellow

American Physical Society Fellow

PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro

https://www.aeri-japan.com

email: info@aeri-japan.com

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【Keywords】　Artificial Evolution Research Institute：AERI

HP： https://www.aeri-japan.com/

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