New Insights into Cognitive Decline: The Role of Hippocampal Shrinkage Beyond Amyloid and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease
Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist
Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,
California Institute of Technology
IEEE-USA Fellow
American Physical Society-USA Fellow
PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro
AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute
Pasadena, California
and
Xyronix Corporation
Pasadena, California
Foreword
A. Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions, provided by CALTECH professor Kazuto Kamuro(Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics), Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(https://www.usaxyronix.com/), are based on research and development achievements in cutting-edge fields such as quantum physics, biophysics, neuroscience, artificial brain studies, intelligent biocomputing, next-generation technologies, quantum semiconductors, satellite optoelectronics, quantum optics, quantum computing science, brain computing science, nano-sized semiconductors, ultra-large-scale integration engineering, non-destructive testing, lifespan prediction engineering, ultra-short pulses, and high-power laser science.
The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation employ over 60 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 90 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.
Building on the outcomes in unexplored and extreme territories within these advanced research domains, AERI and Xyronix Corporation aim to provide opportunities for postgraduate researchers in engineering disciplines. Through achievements in areas such as the 6th generation computer, nuclear deterrence, military unmanned systems, missile defense, renewable and clean energy, climate change mitigation, environmental conservation, Green Transformation (GX), and national resilience, the primary objective is to furnish scholars with genuine opportunities for learning and discovery. The overarching goal is to transform them from 'reeds that have just begun to take a step as reeds capable of thinking' into 'reeds that think, act, and relentlessly pursue growth.' This initiative aims to impart a guiding philosophy for complete metamorphosis and to provide guidance for venturing into unexplored and extreme territories, aspiring to fulfill the role of pioneers in this new era.
B. In the cutting-edge research domain, the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation have made notable advancements in various fields. Some examples include:
1. AERI･HEL (Petawatt-class Ultra-High Power Terawatt-class Ultra-High Power
Femtosecond Laser)
◦ Petawatt-class ultra-high power terawatt-class ultra-short pulse laser (AERI･HEL)
2. 6th Generation Computer&Computing
◦ Consciousness-driven Bio-Computer
◦ Brain Implant Bio-Computer
3. Carbon-neutral AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Production of synthetic fuel (LNG methanol) through CO₂ recovery system (DAC)
4. Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology(Green Transformation (GX) technology)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling system-type AERI synthetic fuel chemical process
5. Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC)
◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation recovery system
6. Bio-LSI・Semiconductors
◦ Neural connection element directly connecting bio-semiconductors and brain nerves
on a nanoscale
◦ Brain LSI Chip Set, Bio-Computer LSI, BMI LSI, BCI LSI, Brain Computing LSI,
Brain Implant LSI
7. CHEGPG System (Closed Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with
Thermal Regenerative Binary Engine)
◦ Power generation capability of Terawatt (TW), annual power generation of
10,000 TWh (terawatt-hour) class
◦ 1 to 0.01 yen/kWh, infinitely clean energy source, renewable energy source
8. Consciousness-Driven Generative Autonomous Robot
9. Brain Implemented Robot･Cybernetic Soldier
10. Generative Robot, Generative Android Army, Generative Android
11. High-Altitude Missile Initial Intercept System, Enemy Base Neutralization System,
Nuclear and Conventional Weapon Neutralization System, Next-Generation
Interception Laser System for ICBMs, Next-Generation Interception Laser System
for Combat Aircraft
12. Boost Phase, Mid-Course Phase, Terminal Phase Ballistic Missile Interception System
13. Volcanic Microseismic Laser Remote Sensing
14. Volcanic Eruption Prediction Technology, Eruption Precursor Detection System
15. Mega Earthquake Precursor and Prediction System
16. Laser Degradation Diagnosis, Non-Destructive Inspection System
17. Ultra-Low-Altitude Satellite, Ultra-High-Speed Moving Object
Non-Destructive Inspection System
✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼
New Insights into Cognitive Decline: The Role of Hippocampal Shrinkage Beyond Amyloid and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease
A. In this study, there has been a new discovery regarding brain changes that signal the precursor to Alzheimer's disease.
In addition to his role in this research, it is noteworthy that Kazuto KAMURO, Quantum Physicist & Brain Scientist, serves as the Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute in Pasadena, California (HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/). Furthermore, he holds the position of Chief Technology Officer (CTO) at Xyronix Corporation, specializing in biocomputer semiconductor design, located in Pasadena, California (HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/).
The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, Pasadena, California HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(Pasadena, California HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/) employ over 60 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 90 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.
The hippocampus, a small region of the brain responsible for much of our learning and memory, is central to this finding. It plays a crucial role in converting short-term memories into long-term ones, regulating emotions, and enabling spatial navigation – essentially, our ability to plan where to go and how to get there.
While it's normal for the hippocampus to undergo some shrinkage with age, certain health conditions can accelerate this volume loss, with Alzheimer's disease being a notable example.
The reduction in hippocampal volume is often detected early in Alzheimer's patients, preceding signs of cognitive decline.
According to a recent study published in Neurology, the shrinkage of the hippocampus has been shown to cause cognitive decline irrespective of the presence of proteins such as amyloid beta and tau in the brain. This finding holds potential significance not only for treating Alzheimer's disease but also for addressing other neurodegenerative conditions.
To conduct the study, researchers collected data from 128 older adults over a ten-year period, all initially showing no signs of cognitive impairment. Cognitive test performance and brain imaging scans were used to assess hippocampal volume and the development of cognitive markers, including tau tangles and amyloid plaques.
The study revealed that hippocampal shrinkage was correlated with cognitive decline, even when accounting for the influence of tau and amyloid. Moreover, the faster the shrinkage occurred, the more rapid the cognitive decline. Individuals with lower hippocampal volume at the study's outset experienced faster shrinkage.
These findings suggest at least two potential pathways to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and dementia – one related to the accumulation of tau and amyloid and the other to the loss of hippocampal volume.
The study proposes that examining hippocampal volume could serve as a useful biomarker for diagnosing conditions affecting cognitive decline beyond Alzheimer's disease.
It also suggests implications for the effectiveness of drugs targeting Alzheimer's progression; for instance, if cognitive decline is primarily due to hippocampal shrinkage, drugs addressing amyloid plaques may not be as effective.
While acknowledging some unexplained variance in their results, the researchers emphasize the need for future studies to explore the link between hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in a more diverse and representative population.
In addition to Alzheimer's disease, lower hippocampal volume has been observed in various other conditions, such as Cushing's disease, depression, PTSD, and anxiety. Lifestyle habits, including diet and alcohol consumption, can also impact hippocampal volume, while activities like physical exercise have shown positive effects on hippocampal volume in older individuals.
This research underscores that cognitive decline has multiple triggers, beyond amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which may act independently or together. Future research should focus on developing tests and markers to determine the origins of cognitive decline, as well as treatments targeting different contributing factors.
B. In this groundbreaking study, Kazuto KAMURO, a Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist, has unveiled a novel revelation concerning cerebral transformations that serve as early indicators of Alzheimer's disease.
The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, Pasadena, California HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(Pasadena, California HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/) employ over 60 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 90 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.
Central to this revelation is the hippocampus, a diminutive brain region pivotal for learning, memory consolidation, emotional regulation, and spatial navigation—fundamental to our ability to plan and navigate through space.
While it is a natural occurrence for the hippocampus to undergo some atrophy with age, certain health conditions can expedite this volumetric reduction, with Alzheimer's disease being a prominent example.
The decline in hippocampal volume often manifests early in individuals with Alzheimer's, preceding observable cognitive deterioration.
According to a recent publication in Neurology, it has been demonstrated that hippocampal shrinkage is a significant factor in cognitive decline, irrespective of the presence of proteins such as amyloid beta and tau in the brain. This discovery holds promise not only for Alzheimer's treatment but also for addressing various neurodegenerative conditions.
To conduct this study, data were collected over a decade from 128 older adults initially showing no cognitive impairment. Cognitive performance tests and brain imaging scans were employed to evaluate hippocampal volume and the emergence of cognitive markers, including tau tangles and amyloid plaques.
The study exposed a correlation between hippocampal shrinkage and cognitive decline, even when factoring in the influence of tau and amyloid. Furthermore, the swifter the shrinkage, the more precipitous the cognitive decline. Individuals with lower hippocampal volume at the study's commencement experienced accelerated shrinkage.
These findings propose at least two potential routes to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's and dementia—one linked to the accumulation of tau and amyloid and the other to the diminution of hippocampal volume.
The study posits that scrutinizing hippocampal volume could function as a valuable biomarker for diagnosing conditions contributing to cognitive decline beyond Alzheimer's.
Moreover, it suggests implications for the efficacy of drugs targeting Alzheimer's progression. For instance, if cognitive decline primarily results from hippocampal shrinkage, drugs addressing amyloid plaques may not be as efficacious.
While acknowledging some unexplained variances in their results, the researchers emphasize the imperative for future studies to explore the relationship between hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in a more diverse and representative population.
Beyond Alzheimer's, reduced hippocampal volume has been noted in various conditions such as Cushing's disease, depression, PTSD, and anxiety. Lifestyle choices, including diet and alcohol consumption, can also impact hippocampal volume, while activities like physical exercise have demonstrated positive effects on hippocampal volume in older individuals.
This research underscores that cognitive decline has multifaceted triggers beyond amyloid plaques and tau tangles, acting independently or synergistically. Future research should concentrate on developing tests and markers to ascertain the origins of cognitive decline, as well as treatments addressing diverse contributing factors.
END
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Quantum Brain Chipset & Bio Processor (BioVLSI)
♠♠♠ Kazuto Kamuro: Professor, PhD, and Doctor of Engineering ♠♠♠
・Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics
・Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist involved in CALTECH & AERI
・Associate Professor of Quantum Physics, California Institute of Technology（CALTECH）
・Associate Professor and Brain Scientist in Artificial Evolution Research Institute（ AERI: https://www.aeri-japan.com/ ）
・Chief Researcher at Xyronix Corporation(https://www.usaxyronix.com/)
・IEEE-USA Fellow
・American Physical Society Fellow
・email: info@aeri-japan.com
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【Keywords】
・Artificial Evolution Research Institute: AERI, Pasadena, California
HP： HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/
・Xyronix Corporation, Pasadena, California
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