人工進化研究所（AERI）

Apr 77 min read

Reasons Why Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) Fail to Outperform Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions

Reasons Why Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) Fail to Outperform Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Quantum Physicist and Brain Scientist

Visiting Professor of Quantum Physics,

California Institute of Technology

IEEE-USA Fellow

American Physical Society-USA Fellow

PhD. & Dr. Kazuto Kamuro

AERI：Artificial Evolution Research Institute

Pasadena, California

HP: https://www.aeri-japan.com/

and

Xyronix Corporation

Pasadena, California

HP: https://www.usaxyronix.com/

Foreword

A. Professor Kamuro's near-future science predictions, provided by CALTECH professor Kazuto Kamuro(Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) and Ph.D. in Quantum Physics, Semiconductor Physics, and Quantum Optics), Chief Researcher at the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI, https://www.aeri-japan.com/) and Xyronix Corporation(specializing in the design of a. Neural Connection LSI, b. BCI LSI（Brain-Computer Interface LSI） (Large Scale Integrated Circuits) , and c. bio-computer semiconductor technology that directly connects bio-semiconductors, serving as neural connectors, to the brain's nerves at the nano scale, https://www.usaxyronix.com/), are based on research and development achievements in cutting-edge fields such as quantum physics, biophysics, neuroscience, artificial brain studies, intelligent biocomputing, next-generation technologies, quantum semiconductors, satellite optoelectronics, quantum optics, quantum computing science, brain computing science, nano-sized semiconductors, ultra-large-scale integration engineering, non-destructive testing, lifespan prediction engineering, ultra-short pulses, and high-power laser science.

The Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation employ over 160 individuals with Ph.D.s in quantum brain science, quantum neurology, quantum cognitive science, molecular biology, electronic and electrical engineering, applied physics, information technology (IT), data science, communication engineering, semiconductor and materials engineering. They also have more than 190 individuals with doctoral degrees in engineering and over 230 engineers, including those specializing in software, network, and system engineering, as well as programmers, dedicated to advancing research and development.

Building on the outcomes in unexplored and extreme territories within these advanced research domains, AERI and Xyronix Corporation aim to provide opportunities for postgraduate researchers in engineering disciplines. Through achievements in areas such as the 6th generation computer, nuclear deterrence, military unmanned systems, missile defense, renewable and clean energy, climate change mitigation, environmental conservation, Green Transformation (GX), and national resilience, the primary objective is to furnish scholars with genuine opportunities for learning and discovery. The overarching goal is to transform them from 'reeds that have just begun to take a step as reeds capable of thinking' into 'reeds that think, act, and relentlessly pursue growth.' This initiative aims to impart a guiding philosophy for complete metamorphosis and to provide guidance for venturing into unexplored and extreme territories, aspiring to fulfill the role of pioneers in this new era.

B. In the cutting-edge research domain, the Artificial Evolution Research Institute (AERI) and Xyronix Corporation have made notable advancements in various fields. Some examples include:

1. AERI･HEL (Petawatt-class Ultra-High Power Terawatt-class Ultra-High Power

Femtosecond Laser)

◦ Petawatt-class ultra-high power terawatt-class ultra-short pulse laser (AERI･HEL)

2. 6th Generation Computer&Computing

◦ Consciousness-driven Bio-Computer

◦ Brain Implant Bio-Computer

3. Carbon-neutral AERI synthetic fuel chemical process

(Green Transformation (GX) technology)

◦ Production of synthetic fuel (LNG methanol) through CO₂ recovery system (DAC)

4. Green Synthetic Fuel Production Technology(Green Transformation (GX) technology)

◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling system-type AERI synthetic fuel chemical process

5. Direct Air Capture Technology (DAC)

◦ Carbon-neutral, carbon-recycling carbon dioxide circulation recovery system

6. Bio-LSI・Semiconductors

◦ Neural connection element directly connecting bio-semiconductors and brain nerves

on a nanoscale

◦ Brain LSI Chip Set, Bio-Computer LSI, BMI LSI, BCI LSI, Brain Computing LSI,

Brain Implant LSI

7. CHEGPG System (Closed Cycle Heat Exchange Power Generation System with

Thermal Regenerative Binary Engine)

◦ Power generation capability of Terawatt (TW), annual power generation of

　　　　10,000 TWh (terawatt-hour) class

◦ 1 to 0.01 yen/kWh, infinitely clean energy source, renewable energy source

8. Consciousness-Driven Generative Autonomous Robot

9. Brain Implemented Robot･Cybernetic Soldier

10. Generative Robot, Generative Android Army, Generative Android

11. High-Altitude Missile Initial Intercept System, Enemy Base Neutralization System,

　 Nuclear and Conventional Weapon Neutralization System, Next-Generation

　　Interception Laser System for ICBMs, Next-Generation Interception Laser System

　　　 for Combat Aircraft

12. Boost Phase, Mid-Course Phase, Terminal Phase Ballistic Missile Interception System

13. Volcanic Microseismic Laser Remote Sensing

14. Volcanic Eruption Prediction Technology, Eruption Precursor Detection System

15. Mega Earthquake Precursor and Prediction System

16. Laser Degradation Diagnosis, Non-Destructive Inspection System

　 17. Ultra-Low-Altitude Satellite, Ultra-High-Speed Moving Object

　　　 Non-Destructive Inspection System

✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼••┈┈••✼

Reasons Why Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) Fail to Outperform Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Abstract: The dominance of electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing batteries as the mainstream zero-emission transport has left hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) significantly trailing behind. What once seemed like comparable technologies have now diverged dramatically in terms of adoption rates and market favorability. In this comprehensive analysis, we delve into the multifaceted reasons behind this divergence and propose strategies to address the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of hydrogen FCVs.

1. Market Competition Dynamics: A decade ago, the landscape of zero-emission vehicles was ripe with potential, with both battery and fuel cell technologies vying for supremacy. However, the market dynamics have shifted significantly since then, with batteries now enjoying a dominant position. The global sales figures from 2023 speak volumes – while EVs surpassed 10 million units, FCV sales struggled to reach even 0.1% of that number. Factors contributing to this divergence include technological maturity, infrastructure availability, and consumer perception.

Explanation: Technological maturity refers to the advancement and commercial viability of a particular technology. In the case of EVs, significant progress has been made in battery technology, resulting in increased energy density, reduced costs, and improved performance. On the other hand, fuel cell technology, while promising, still faces challenges related to cost, efficiency, and infrastructure.

Infrastructure availability plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior and market dynamics. The widespread deployment of charging stations for EVs has significantly contributed to their adoption, while the scarcity of hydrogen refueling stations has hampered FCV uptake.

Consumer perception encompasses various factors such as cost, convenience, and environmental concerns. While EVs have gained widespread acceptance due to their relatively lower cost of ownership, ease of charging, and perceived environmental benefits, FCVs struggle to overcome perceptions of high costs, limited infrastructure, and uncertainty regarding hydrogen sourcing.

2. Cost Considerations: One of the primary barriers to FCV adoption is the high upfront cost compared to conventional gasoline vehicles and EVs. The current market prices of FCVs often exceed $50,000, making them unattainable for many consumers. Additionally, the cost of hydrogen fuel is significantly higher than electricity or gasoline, further exacerbating the economic barrier.

Explanation: The high cost of FCVs can be attributed to several factors, including the complex and expensive nature of fuel cell technology, limited economies of scale, and the relatively low production volume compared to EVs. Efforts to reduce costs through technological advancements, economies of scale, and government incentives are underway but have yet to achieve widespread affordability.

Hydrogen production costs also contribute to the overall cost of FCVs. While methods such as steam methane reforming (SMR) are currently dominant, they rely on fossil fuels and produce greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning to renewable hydrogen production methods such as electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources is essential to reduce costs and environmental impact.

3. Infrastructure Challenges: The lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure poses a significant challenge to the widespread adoption of FCVs. Unlike EVs, which can be charged at home or at public charging stations, FCVs rely on a network of hydrogen refueling stations, which are currently limited in number and distribution.

Explanation: Building a robust hydrogen refueling infrastructure requires substantial investment and coordination among stakeholders, including governments, fuel providers, and automakers. However, the slow pace of infrastructure development has hindered FCV deployment and created a chicken-and-egg situation, where the lack of FCVs discourages investment in infrastructure, and vice versa.

To address this challenge, governments and industry stakeholders must collaborate to accelerate the deployment of hydrogen refueling stations. Incentives such as grants, tax credits, and public-private partnerships can help spur investment and overcome barriers to infrastructure development.

4. Efficiency Considerations: The efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell systems remains a critical concern compared to battery-electric propulsion. Fuel cell vehicles convert hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, which involves multiple energy conversions and inherently incurs energy losses.

Explanation: The efficiency of a fuel cell system is influenced by several factors, including the efficiency of hydrogen production, compression, storage, and conversion. Currently, fuel cell systems exhibit lower overall efficiency compared to battery-electric propulsion systems, primarily due to energy losses during hydrogen production and conversion processes.

Efforts to improve the efficiency of fuel cell systems focus on optimizing component design, reducing energy losses, and increasing the overall energy conversion efficiency. Research and development initiatives aimed at advancing hydrogen production, storage, and conversion technologies are essential to enhance the competitiveness of FCVs.

5. Environmental Impact: While FCVs offer the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, the environmental impact of hydrogen production must be carefully considered. The majority of hydrogen production today relies on fossil fuels, resulting in carbon emissions and other environmental pollutants.

Explanation: The environmental impact of hydrogen production varies depending on the method used. Conventional methods such as steam methane reforming (SMR) and coal gasification release greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air pollution.

Transitioning to renewable hydrogen production methods such as electrolysis powered by solar, wind, or hydroelectric energy can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of hydrogen production. However, scaling up renewable hydrogen production requires investment in infrastructure, technology development, and policy support to overcome economic and technical barriers.

Conclusion: Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles hold promise as a zero-emission transportation solution, offering long-range capabilities and rapid refueling times. However, significant challenges related to cost, infrastructure, efficiency, and environmental impact must be addressed to unlock their full potential. Collaboration among governments, industry stakeholders, and research institutions is essential to overcome these challenges and accelerate the transition to a hydrogen-based transportation system. While hydrogen FCVs may not yet rival EVs in terms of market penetration, they represent a complementary technology with the potential to address specific transportation needs, particularly in sectors such as long-haul trucking and heavy-duty transportation.

END

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Quantum Brain Chipset & Bio Processor (BioVLSI)